charter public schools. Address: 885 River Street Hyde Park, MA 02136. charter public schools

 
 Address: 885 River Street Hyde Park, MA 02136charter public schools  The public school system in B

(508) 416-2252. Texas College Preparatory Academies, TX •. Learn more about how charter schools work. 51% of students attending a public school within IPS boundaries are enrolled in a public charter school. In Oklahoma, there are over 50,000 students currently enrolled in public charter schools and another 2,500 on waiting lists. Abby Kelley Foster Charter Public School is a K–12 school located at 10 New Bond St. . Croix Preparatory Lower, Eagle Ridge Lower School and Nova Classical Upper School. Authorizer: Santa Clara County Board of Education . 7th, 8th and High School Arts Integration Studio Quarter One. The Charter School Act outlines the powers and parameters of charter public schools in Washington. Charter schools are independent public schools founded by not-for-profit Boards of Trustees. View the top 10 best charter public schools in New Jersey 2023-24. Charter schools are privately owned and operated schools funded with public tax dollars. Chartering Authorities. For the 2023-24 school year, there are 124 charter public schools serving 39,542 students in District Of Columbia. 978-682-1013. Public schools: Yes. The total number of charter schools increased from 2,000 to 6,900 during those same years. Conventional public schools get 20% less funding per student. Like charter schools, they may specialize in a certain area and students must apply to be admitted. Find out more about GreatSchools ratings. Alberta charter schools are a special type of public school [1] which have a greater degree of autonomy than normal public schools, allowing them to offer programs that are significantly different from regular public schools operated by district school boards. Find a Charter School. California charter public schools have rigorous curriculum programs and unique educational approaches. Grades: 6-12. Each charter public school is able to establish educational strategies that meet the specific student achievement goals and objectives outlined in each school's charter. Sturgis Charter Public School placed in the top 5% of all schools in Massachusetts for overall test scores (math proficiency is top 5%, and reading proficiency is top 1%) for the 2020-21 school year. TMSA is North Carolina's growing network of high-performing non-profit public charter schools focusing on STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, the Arts, and Mathematics). 1 of 11. The GVSU Charter Schools Office is an accredited charter school authorizer that furthers furthers GVSU’s commitment to quality education by empowering community leaders with the ability to establish new innovative, high-performing K-12 public schools for kids. It is the policy of HARMONY PUBLIC SCHOOLS not to discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, handicap, or age in its employment practices as required by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended; Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972; the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended; and Section 504 of the. Employment Opportunities . Fax: 727-588-5038. 710. at 407-317-3484. Charter schools experienced more growth in 2020-21 — the first full year of the pandemic— than they’ve seen in the past six years, according to preliminary data released Wednesday from the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Top 5 Schools in This State. However, private schools can – and do – charge tuition to students and their parents, and in some cases, those costs can be rather high. Four Rivers Charter Public School 248 Colrain Rd. It has 696 students in grades 6-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 10 to 1. In Missouri, charter schools operate under a contract with a sponsor, either the state’s. Establish a statewide formula for an authorizer oversight fee. Charter Schools are governed by independent boards and held accountable to a legally binding written. In Pennsylvania,. Slightly less than half of public school students in Kansas City were in charters in 2020, according to a fact sheet from the Missouri Charter Public Schools Association. The Community Group (TCG) is a private, nonprofit organization creating opportunities through education since 1970. In the 2021 legislative session, $10. In exchange for this independence and freedom, charter schools operate under contracts (or “charters. Often, people will confuse public charter schools with private schools, but they are quite different in terms of funding, accessibility, and structure. Charter Public School Application Timeline & Checklist. 8 students in his or her classroom, as compared to an average of 21. Authorized by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' Education Reform Act of 1993, charter schools are independent public schools that operate under five year charters granted by the Commonwealth's Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. org. Four Rivers Charter Public School is an above average, public, charter school located in GREENFIELD, MA. Their. BASIS Peoria is a charter school that serves fifth through 12th graders. November 17, 2023. 425). With all of that said, charter schools are primarily chosen because of their higher academic standards, small class sizes, ground-breaking approaches, and matching educational philosophies . According to a University of Chicago Consortium on School Research study, on average, charter. It is governed. Charter schools generally receive a percentage of the per-pupil funds from the state and local school districts for operational. According to state test scores, 14% of students are at least proficient in math and 30% in reading. While the Montessori Method has been quite popular in early education, more and more public charter schools from kindergarten through middle school are adopting Maria Montessori’s philosophies as well. Prestwick Elementary has been such a great school for my daughters. The law grants chartering authority to county. Rising Tide Charter Public School is an inclusive college preparatory public school serving grades 5-12, with high expectations for all students. : 1. Overall testing rank is based on a school's combined math and reading. HTML PDF: 28A. It is clear that families want more, not fewer, public school choices and that they would select a charter or autonomous school if it were available to them. 13 Niche users give it an average review of 4. These award-winning schools help students graduate college at a rate 3 times. Find the best public, charter or private school for your child. North Carolina charter public schools have an average math proficiency score of 47% (versus the. This public funding for privately run charter schools siphons resources from public school budgets. The National Alliance for Public. For the 2023-24 school year, there are 28 public charter schools serving 15,814 students in Charlotte, NC. The "charter" establishing each such school is a performance contract detailing the school's mission, vision. Phone: 408-942-7000 & 408-384-4554. 8. Nutrition Services; Bus Routes & School Drop off/Pick up; Forms; Parent Involvement;. New Student Application. Put simply, a public charter school is a public school of choice that operates independently under a charter agreement with the State of Texas and the Texas Education Agency (TEA). As a charter school, Rising Tide gives parents more. Boston Preparatory Charter Public School. S. Orange CountyIn 2020, S&P Global Ratings' rated universe of charter schools experienced more downgrades than upgrades, reflecting the inherent risks of the sector as well as liquidity and enrollment pressures that were magnified by the COVID-19 pandemic (chart 1). They operate under a contract (or "charter") of up to five years. 160. In exchange for increased autonomy, charter schools are held accountable for improving student achievement and meeting other provisions of their charters. # 157 in Massachusetts Elementary Schools # 176 in. Lowell Community Charter Public School is an above average, public, charter school located in LOWELL, MA. Pinellas County Schools. GreatSchools has ratings & reviews for 4036 Oklahoma elementary, middle & high schools. It has 1,225 students in grades PK, K-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 10 to 1. Ingraham January 27, 2022 Charter Schools, Education Policy Originally published at The Seattle Times. A charter school needs to follow a different set of strictly defined guidelines than traditional public schools. The main differences between public and charter schools are: Charter schools have greater operating freedoms than public schools. They operate under a contract (or "charter") of up to five years, which is granted by one of three authorizers: the Board of Regents, the SUNY Trustees, or by the local School District - Buffalo School District. Parents can opt to enroll their children in a charter school without paying tuition, since charter schools are supported with state tax revenue. Steps to complete dual enrollment online registration: New dual enrollment students must complete the online Dual Enrollment Admissions Application for Charter and Public School Students located in the Links on the Page section. Our Schools - Fenton Charter Public Schools. For additional information, call the Charter School Dept. According to state test scores, 11% of students are at. 1. Schools are ranked on their performance on state-required tests, graduation and how well they prepare students for college. Vista Charter Public Schools. Open to all students from the charter school's district or region of residence on a space-available basis. KIPP teachers blend small-group instruction and technology in creative ways to personalize learning and keep children encouraged, engaged, and continuously learning. Public charter schools may seek their own bond funding for facilities, with the chartering authority’s approval, or may have their request included with an LEA’s bond request. Below are five reasons why public charter schools outperform district-run autonomous schools. 5. The “charter” in charter schools is a contract, agreed upon between those who run the school and the entity that authorizes the school’s existence (which ranges from school districts to for-profit companies to boards of education). Schools within GVSU’s portfolio receive access to professional. Charter schools are more accountable for student grades (they may be shut down by ‘sponsors’ – i. C. Pinellas County School District does not enroll students into a charter school. Since 1996, the number of charter schools in Florida has grown to over 726 in 2022-23. increase in charter. As for the day-to-day, public school teachers put in eight/nine hour days and charter school teachers can work as many as. These schools often serve fewer students and offer more individualized education. Best Public High School Teachers in Barnstable County. Doug Richey, R-Excelsior Springs, aims to close a discrepancy in funding allocated to charter schools versus traditional public schools that was the result of outdated property values. Yet since the day we were founded, we’ve been forced to get creative with limited resources:. 1022 N Van Ness Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90038. 215 Harris Street. 333. [4] There is debate on whether charter schools should be. With the average public school teacher earning just over $53,000 per year, teachers in public schools earn almost $10,000 more per year than those working in charter schools, who earn just over $44,000, according to professional staffing and recruiting firm, Perennial Resources International. Boston Preparatory Charter Public School. , Lower Campus (kindergarten-second) Email admissions@voicecharterschool. The most important difference is that charter schools are generally free for students, whereas private schools require students to pay (or otherwise receive non. 26 percent), while a higher percentage of traditional public school students than of public charter school students were White (49 vs. There are public and private PK-12 schools in Wisconsin. # 157 in Massachusetts Elementary Schools # 176 in. Who We Are. It has 846 students in grades 9-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 9 to 1. 24 /100. Blue checkmark. According to the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, the average charter school instructor has 19. Taunton. As the voice of Illinois charter schools, INCS advocates for legislation on behalf of the charter sector, provides support to strengthen charter schools, and. Autonomy: Charter public schools are created and governed by independent boards, giving them flexibility in adopting. Public charter schools, specifically those that are their own LEAs or are part of a charter district, receive fewer dollars per pupil on average than district schools (Table 4. More. Charter schools are public schools of choice. Match is a free, high-performing charter public school in Boston. Although both types of schools are regulated, they have vastly different regulatory structures. The majority receive ample state aid (also known as Chapter 70 funding). Our Schools - Fenton Charter Public Schools. 854. This school is above the state average in key measures of college and career readiness. Its charter is a document that declares the school's special purpose and rules of operation. Ranking factors include state test scores, student-teacher ratio, student diversity, teacher quality, and charter school ratings. Find out more about GreatSchools ratings. There are public and private PK-12 schools in Louisiana. THE WOODLANDS, TX,. Greenfield, Ma 01301. Public School Characteristics. As public schools, charter schools must be "non-religious in their programs, admissions policies, governance, employment practices and all other operations, and the charter school’s curriculum must be completely secular" (taken from Title V, Part B - United States Department of Education). For the 2023-24 school year, there are 40 public charter schools serving 32,582 students in Atlanta, GA. As discussed in "Outlook For U. Charter schools tend to be more flexible and therefore are able to make faster progress than traditional public schools. Many charter schools have unique educational approaches that may include longer school. Ranking factors include state test scores, student-teacher ratio, student diversity, teacher quality, and charter school ratings. It has 510 students in grades 5-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 9 to 1. Total enrollment in both traditional and charter public schools was at 1,058,900, a decline of 6. S. . Get the Facts Resources for Families. Charter Schools Have Ample Funding. S. However, the number of downgrades in 2020 (17) was below highs in 2014 (37) and. KIPP is a tuition-free public charter school network of 275 schools with 175,000 students and alumni across the country. The top ranked public charter schools in Portland, OR are The Cottonwood School Of Civics And Science, The Ivy School and Sauvie Island School. According to state test scores, 16% of students are at least proficient in math and 31% in reading. The bill, sponsored by Rep. Charter Public Schools. More than half of all K-12 students are served by charter schools in Detroit, making it the third greatest percentage in the United States. Junior: ISchool High at University Park is a self-paced college readiness school. 15,925 Private Schools. Some 3. Often, people will confuse public charter schools. However, a. 15 percent) and Hispanic (33 vs. Charter schools receive flexibility from certain state and local rules in exchange for a higher degree of accountability for raising student. Oasis is a constructivist, project-based school, and our curriculum is guided by the CCSS, in addition to the NGSS. Reset Filters. Community Day Charter Public School - Prospect. 508-821-1201. Great and commitment teachers and staff. CCSA provides this map as a public service to help parents and families discover high quality public school options near them. Charter school applications — Solicitation for proposals, content — Charter school application, content. Since the fall of 1995, the Massachusetts charter public school sector has grown from an initial cohort of 15 schools to over 70 programmatically diverse schools across the state. Charter schools are public schools that operate on a performance contract, or “charter,” with the Duval County School Board and are intended to expand school choice options for students. SELPA Governance Documents. On a day-to-day, operational level, a charter school is run by a school leader or principal and overseen by an appointed board—much like a local charity would be. Department of Education. gov Website: Details on Board or Commission. KIPP School Locations. Address: 885 River Street Hyde Park, MA 02136. , according to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. Between the years 2000 and 2016, charter schools increased from 2% of all public schools to 7%. Even at schools with strong college and career readiness, there may be students who are not getting the opportunities they need to succeed. Unlike many traditional public. Charter Schools. Benjamin Franklin Classical Charter Public School. We prepare students in grades pre-K through 12 to succeed in college and beyond. GLCPS, the city's first charter school, had been given approval to open up within New Bedford Public Schools' Paul Rodrigues Administration Building for grades 6 to 8, with an enrollment of 248. The New York Charter Schools Act of 1998, as amended, is codified as Education Law, §§ 2850–2857. Charter schools are publicly funded, tuition-free schools, but they differ from traditional public schools in key ways. A school’s charter is reviewed periodically by the entity that granted it and can be revoked if the conditions of the charter are not met. Charter vs Public Schools 1. Chapter 70 aid varies considerably across districts and across years, from less than $1,700 per student to. This autonomy gives charter schools the flexibility to adopt creative approaches and unique programming, ensuring all children are given the individualized educational opportunities they need to learn, grow, and excel. Working as complements to ISDs, public charter schools in Texas are preparing the workforce of the future—gettingBoston Preparatory Charter Public School. Hire certified teachers. e governing bodies – if they are seen as failing). New York charter public schools have an average math proficiency. 32 percent) and Asian/Pacific Islander (6 vs. The focus of each public charter school is unique and based on the educational needs and interests of a particular community. For example, the state sets the maximum number of students in each grade level. Comparing charter schools to public schools requires. Department of Education. A charter school is a public school of choice that operates under the terms of a charter, or contract, with an authorizer, such as the State Charter Schools Commission (SCSC) or a local board of education. Public charter schools are tuition-free, open-enrollment public schools that have the flexibility to adapt to the educational needs of individual students, while held to strict state academic and financial accountability standards. ), and other student and teacher information for public schools as reported to NCES by state education officials in each state. By 2016, the platform allowed that “high-quality public charter schools should provide options for parents, but should not replace or destabilize traditional public schools. Public Schools, Free and Open to All. 84% of students attending charter schools are students of color. Charter schools have appointed, not elected, governing boards made up of parents, teachers, community leaders, and others that may have been involved in opening the school. 2 days ago · In Manatee, Palmetto Charter School, a K-8 public charter school, ranked 14th in U. Lawrence MA 01841. Most of the nearly 2,300 public schools in Missouri are operated by one of the state’s 518 school districts. In. All told, just under 1 in 5 Utahns is a public school student. , Worcester, Massachusetts, United States in former Heald Machine Company buildings. Wednesday, June 21, 2023 by 12:00 noon. The top ranked charter public schools in Missouri are University Academy-upper, Academie Lafayette Armour Ims and Hawthorn High School. Find rankings, test scores, reviews and more. Learn more about how charter schools work. School systems in 43 states and the District of Columbia now include charter schools, and in states like California, Arizona, Florida, and Louisiana, more than one in 10 public-school students attend them. Both provide tuition-free education to. In West Virginia, charter schools are expected to provide “new, innovative,. Services. It has 696 students in grades 6-12 with a student-teacher ratio of 10 to 1. Today, Delaware has more than 20 active charter schools – you can find a complete list at the Department of Education . What Is a Charter School? Charter schools are public schools that agree to produce certain results in exchange for certain educational freedoms. traditional schools, one conclusion has been clear: charter schools may only be as good as the laws that govern them. Learning First Charter Public School is currently accepting new student applications. Nationwide, the number of charter schools has grown every year, with the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools reporting a total 7,821 charter schools in the 2020-21 school year with 3. 3%), and in. Their families should. Cary Rabinowitz, Director. The school received its charter in February 1998 and opened in September for the 1998–1999 academic year with 162 freshman, 15 faculty and staff, a newly renovated facility, and a $1. Discovery Charter School II (Falcon) Phone: 408-300-1358. Proposals Evaluluation is. Often, people will confuse public charter schools with private schools, but they are quite different in terms of funding, accessibility, and structure. Sam Houston State University Charter School. The Cost of School Bus Rental. If the number of students who apply to a charter school is more than the number of available seats. 22, 2022. According to state test scores, 43% of students are at least proficient in math and 50% in reading. web. Discipline & attendance. Overall testing rank is based on a school's combined math and reading proficiency test score ranking. Learning First Charter Public School is a public, charter school located in WORCESTER, MA. 12,919 Total Schools. These public schools can have a specific focus—such as STEM education, the arts or language immersion. jcabral@tauntonschools. Benjamin Franklin Classical Charter Public School. Cary Rabinowitz, Director. 7. Top 5 Schools in This State. South Shore Charter MCAS results may be found here on the DESE website. 135 Public Charter Schools. Read about great schools like: Princeton Charter School, Thomas Edison Energysmart Charter School and Hatikvah International Charter School. Once you create an account and login, you will select High School and College Credit and then Dual Enrollment. Screen, approve, contract with, and oversee the performance and effectiveness of school districts that authorize charter schools within their boundaries. 4%. Flexible Learning Options. A public school is defined as a school that is open to the public, funded by the public, and accountable to the public. Approximately 8 percent of North Carolina’s 1. This means that teachers and principals have more flexibility at the school level to meet. 1022 N Van Ness Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90038. Fax: (323) 462-4093. 506 2nd Ave, Suite 630. Charter schools are New York City public schools and they are open to all New York City students. C. Charter schools can be from one classroom to hundreds of classrooms. These schools are operated by community leaders or educational management organizations- but all are held accountable for performance standards and student achievement by the Prince George's County. Elementary. Transferred from University of Central Missouri to Missouri Charter Public School Commission in 2020. Los Angeles, CA 90026. And they go on to enroll in and complete four. 8 million public school students in all, according to September 2021 data from the Florida Department of Education. View Sturgis Charter Public School rankings for 2024 and compare to top schools in Massachusetts. KIPP is a tuition-free public charter school network of 275 schools with 175,000 students and alumni across the country. BASIS Peoria is a charter school that serves fifth through 12th graders. News' ranking of Florida middle schools and 26th in the ranking of Florida. Proven Provider Request Deadline (as applicable) Tuesday, August 1, 2023 by 12:00 noon. Downtown College Prep: Alum Rock. The Texas Charter School Authorizing and Administration Division oversees the. Recent Facts on Charter Schools. They cannot charge tuition. Framingham, MA 01702. 1 (b) designates the Council on Elementary and Secondary Education (the Council) as the authorizer for charter schools. Across the United States, charter schools appear to perform, on average, at about the same level as their district counterparts. For the 2023-24 school year, there are 583 charter public schools serving 229,737 students in Arizona. Abby Kelley Foster Charter Public School. net. 1. We provide real-life experiences for our students to. Most Independent Charter Schools Have True Autonomy. The 1998 State statutory provisions passed when then- Governor. Find the best public, charter or private school for your child. The Bottom Line Charters Are Solid Alternatives to Traditional Public Schools Keri D. Below is a directory of the 359 charter schools that are currently operating or have been approved but are not yet in operation (222 SUNY-authorized, 97 Board of Regents-authorized, 38 NYCDoE-authorized, and 2 Buffalo BoE-authorized) as of February 8, 2023. Here’s a breakdown of the types of schools in B. ; A charter school is a free public school that operates under a contract, agreeing to meet certain goals and follow set guidelines in exchange for exemptions from some government rules and. It has 671 students in grades K-8 with a student-teacher ratio of 17 to 1. Charter schools are a stream of public education that is funded through the government and taxpayers’ money but are privately run. 6x. A Chartered Nonpublic school is a private school that holds a valid charter issued by the state board of education and maintains compliance with the Operating Standards for Ohio's Schools. The top ranked charter public schools in Florida are Doral Of Technology, Somerset Miramar South and True North Classical Academy. In exchange for operational freedom and flexibility, charter schools are subject to higher levels of. 978-681-9910. One of the big differences between charter schools and traditional public schools is in their flexibility. Pre-K (17) Charter (12) For the 2023-24 school year, there are 12 public charter schools serving 3,077 students in Portland, OR. Charter schools are public schools. In Kentucky, school boards and mayors can allow charter schools by reviewing. College Readiness. State Public Charter School Authority 1749 N Stewart St. About Charter Schools. Tel: (508) 778-1782. Lowell Community Charter Public School is an above average, public, charter school located in LOWELL, MA. While Missouri law requires charter schools to receive 100% of the funding, the reality is that charter school per pupil funding is slightly smaller than what the local district receives. Take the next step in locating and choosing the perfect Illinois Charter public school, with locations all around Chicago & Illinois INCS can help find the perfect fit. Learn more about the schools, student demographics, and academics within the state, read parent reviews of local schools, and find information about specific cities and school districts. According to state test scores, 8% of students are at. Charter schools also vary in the level of parental involvement. The top ranked charter public schools in New York are Bronx Preparatory Charter School, Coney Island Preparatory Public Charter School and Harlem Prep Charter School. org. 0:03. Find out more about GreatSchools ratings. This indicator uses the Common Core of Data to examine the characteristics of traditional and charter public schools and their students. mchance@cdcps. This is small school with incredibly dedicated teachers. (5) Charter schools are subject to the supervision of the superintendent of public instruction and the state board of education, including accountability measures such as the Washington achievement index developed by the state board of education under RCW 28A. Public charter schools that serve Native Hawaiian students are getting a boost in funding to help with curriculum and facilities maintenance. The top ranked charter public schools in Puerto Rico are Rosalina C. They are very popular—and among the fastest growing school choice options in Florida. Our nationally recognized network of schools was formed in 2010 by the highest-performing, college preparatory, nonprofit public charter schools in Cleveland. The 2022-2023 Annual Report on the Use of Physical Restraint in Delaware Public School Districts and Charter Schools presents detailed information regarding. A charter school operates under a charter granted by the Commissioner of Education and is independent of the local school district's board of education. A Flourish chart. For more than a decade, TMSA. When Minnesota passed the country’s first charter-school law in 1991, early supporters pitched charters as a new type of public school, one paid for largely with tax dollars but free of the. See more public schools near to Christa Mcauliffe Charter Public School. At Aspire Public Schools, a charter school network serving more than 15,000 students in 36 schools across the state, our student population is more than 85% Black and Latino, and the vast majority of our students are experiencing poverty. Ms. To learn more, you can also check out The Delaware Charter Schools Network. White: Classroom based instruction (80% of annual instruction on a school site under the supervision of an employee of the school) Light Pink: Non-Classroom based Independent Study Site (Students may be served in contiguous counties) Check if your school is. Charter schools are often established, operated, and maintained by for-profit organizations, and. Charter Analysis and Review Tool (CHART) Community Day Charter Public School. this is the worst school they are rude the teachers where rude my child came back crying a lot of fights and over all the worst experience would not recommend for 5th graders. But there are some major differences to understand too. However, a local school district may provide services to a child in private school through a service plan. The Massachusetts Charter Public School Association (MCPSA) is a school membership organization that is committed to ensuring that all children and families across the. School bus rental prices are generally more affordable than for other types of buses (for example a Charter Bus). 508-821-1177. Fast forward more than 30 years to today, and 46 states, D. 270 reviews. Largo, FL 33770-3599. Taunton MA 02780. Online charter schools have ‘horrific’ performance. # 2,549 in National Rankings. And in late 2022, Rainier Valley Leadership Academy was approved to expand from serving 6. But charters may not have the same specialists or services as traditional public schools. State and local tax dollars are the primary funding sources for charter schools, which have open enrollment and cannot discriminate in admissions, associate with any religion or religious. 5 (2009): 831–45; Zimmer, Ron, et al, “Charter schools in eight states: Effects on achievement, attainment, integration, and competition,” Rand Corporation, 2009; Marcus A. Charter school teachers are not Duval County Public Schools. Oasis Charter Public School was founded in 2001 in as a tuition-free school that serves children K-6th grade in the Salinas area. Charter Schools in California Counties. SAVE SCHOOL. The first law allowing the establishment of public charter schools was passed in Minnesota in 1991.